ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models · Evaluation & Benchmarks · Data & Datasets1 source · Oct 12, 2026

Longitudinal Learner Participation Profiling in Online Learning: Heterogeneous Consensus Clustering under Unequal Observation Windows

Learning management system traces are clustered to identify participation profiles, but unequal observation windows may cause profiles to reflect duration rather than participation alone.

Key points

  • Using 16,448 complete learner--course sequences from 4,599 learners across 152 courses at a South African public university, we evaluated eight participation measures.
  • Five retained measures were evaluated using K-means, Gaussian mixtures, Ward agglomerative clustering and K-medoids, with standardised measures and principal-component summaries.
  • Evidence supported a broad two-profile grouping and a more detailed adjusted four-profile consensus: Gradually declining, Early-concentrated, Cyclical variable and Sustained active.
  • Profiling should therefore assess duration effects, compare clustering methods and participation summaries, and report assignment consistency.

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