ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models · Robotics & Embodied AI · Agents & Tool Use1 source · Oct 11, 2026

Sensitivity or Criterion? Measuring and Moving When Language Models Act

We introduce FlipAct, a diagnostic of tool use in physical states.

Key points

  • Before an agent acts, it must decide whether action is warranted.
  • Signal-detection theory separates sensitivity from criterion, but criteria estimated from authored binary labels depend on each benchmark's example mix.
  • A rule over annotated tool properties computes each answer and a graded evidence score, fixing the Yes/No boundary at zero across models.
  • The slope of the fitted Yes-rate curve measures sensitivity; its crossing at one half measures criterion.

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