ResearchResearch paperRobotics & Embodied AI · Large Language Models · Multimodal Models1 source · Oct 13, 2026

Towards a Data-Centric Understanding of Spatial Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Models

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been widely applied in embodied agents and robotics for vision tasks.

Key points

  • However, MLLMs suffer from limitations in spatial reasoning and perception.
  • In this survey, we consider approaches to fine-tuning pretrained MLLMs for spatial reasoning tasks, ranging from supervised to reinforcement learning, with an emphasis on the datasets used.
  • We investigate themes of dataset construction, data modality and annotation, and evaluation of the resulting models.
  • We find four main methods for constructing fixed spatial annotations: rules and templates, LLM prompting, procedural generation, and human-in-the-loop.

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