ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models1 source · Oct 13, 2026

Spectral-MoE: Heterogeneous Per-Layer Expert Utilization in Dense-to-MoE Conversion

We introduce Spectral-MoE, which learns to allocate a utilization budget heterogeneously across layers.

Key points

  • Large language models impose substantial memory demands and arithmetic costs during inference.
  • Dense-to-mixture-of-experts (MoE) conversion is a model optimization technique that aims to reduce these arithmetic costs.
  • Dense-to-MoE conversion partitions pretrained feed-forward network (FFN) neurons into experts and selects a subset for each token.
  • These results establish per-layer expert utilization as a novel optimization axis in dense-to-MoE conversion.

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