ResearchResearch paperEfficiency & Inference1 source · Oct 14, 2026

A Graph-Based Analysis of Comparability, Scale, and Attribution in Private Transformer Inference

Rising privacy concerns around large language models have accelerated research in private Transformer inference (PTI).

Key points

  • In this work, we systematize the field by constructing an empirical graph of 62 PTI systems, mapping system attributes to node features and evaluation compatibility to edges.
  • A three-tiered analysis of this graph illuminates the state of private inference.
  • Node-level attribution shows that cryptographic progress drives performance gains across most systems, yet always co-occurs with other factors (model fidelity, hardware, cost accounting).
  • Finally, graph-level analysis shows that the scaling frontier of private inference has plateaued at 13B parameters and projects the cost of deploying current PTI techniques on production-scale Transformers.

Sources (1)

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