ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models · Interpretability · Training & Scaling1 source · Oct 14, 2026

Posterior Frequencies and the Cost of Not Fitting: A Correction to a Memorization Lower Bound

Feldman's memorization lower bound assigns a frequency coefficient based on how often a point appears in the training sample.

Key points

  • We give an exact three-point counterexample to its conditional and averaged forms, using independent fair labels and a permutation-equivariant learner.
  • The priors vary with sample size, the offending profiles become rare, and both quantities vanish.
  • Retaining the original model, we obtain an exact replacement using full-sample posterior probabilities.
  • We characterize the largest multiplicity-only coefficients valid for unrestricted learners.

Sources (1)

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