ResearchResearch paperSpeech & Audio · Multimodal Models2 sources · Oct 15, 2026

DuET: Note-Frame Dual Encoding for Piano Performance-to-Score Transcription

We introduce DuET, a Dual-Encoder Transformer that jointly learns note-level performance MIDI-to-score (PM2S) transcription and frame-level beat and downbeat tracking.

Key points

  • Transcribing expressive piano performances into scores requires interpreting individual note timings within an underlying metrical structure.
  • Bidirectional cross-attention connects note and frame encoders, while an autoregressive decoder alternates between their representations to predict structured score attributes.
  • We further introduce TimeRoPE and Time-Pitch Rotary Positional Encoding (TPRoPE) to establish a shared performance-time reference and explicitly encode relative temporal and pitch relationships.
  • Evaluations on ASAP, a classical piano dataset, and our curated Gangqinpu dataset, which spans multiple genres with a focus on popular piano music, demonstrate improvements in score timing and notated duration.

Sources (2)

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