ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models · Safety & Alignment1 source · Oct 16, 2026

Disentangling Language Effects on Tool Admission and Post-Retrieval Safety

LLM agents increasingly use retrieval tools across languages, yet their safety evaluation remains English-centric.

Key points

  • It remains unclear whether language affects tool admission, post-retrieval generation, or both.
  • We independently vary request, retrieved-page, and required response languages in a controlled URL-retrieval setting across ten models and seven languages.
  • We identify Safety Loss through Interlingual Processing (SLIP).
  • Requiring answers in the page language increases pooled harmfulness on matched tool calls from 50.3% to 57.4% across four closed-weight models, mainly in Chinese and Hindi.

Sources (1)

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