ResearchResearch paperRetrieval, RAG & Search1 source · Oct 16, 2026

Location, Location, Generation: Where You Ask Matters for Generative Engine Optimization

In this paper, we present a controlled audit of how the user's location changes the sources that generative engines cite.

Key points

  • Generative search engines answer local and commercial questions with a written answer and a few cited sources.
  • A growing practice of generative engine optimization (GEO) monitors which sources and brands these answers show, typically from a single place.
  • We ask 300 questions of ChatGPT with 19 declared locations, and of ChatGPT and Gemini from five network locations, each twice to measure run-to-run noise (31,200 answers).
  • ChatGPT follows the location an application declares, down to the city: it writes the place into its own searches, and its search backend localizes results even when the queries name no place.

Sources (1)

Extractive summary: sentences quoted from the sources.

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