ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models1 source · Oct 19, 2026

Training with ML-labeled Data via Stochastic First- and Zeroth-Order Optimization

Training a machine learning (ML) model is an optimization process that typically requires a set of examples with ground-truth labels beforehand.

Key points

  • The scalability of human labeling becomes a concern when there are a large number of data points that need to be labeled.
  • To address this practical issue, we consider an optimization setting where a subset of samples has ground-truth labels, while the remaining data points were labeled by an ML predictor, which could potentially assign incorrect labels to those points.
  • We propose both first-order and zeroth-order stochastic optimization methods for training on datasets consisting of a mix of true-labeled and ML-labeled samples.
  • We further conduct comprehensive empirical studies from training a linear regression model to fine-tuning a large language model (LLM) to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms for training with ML-labeled data.

Sources (1)

  • [1]Training with ML-labeled Data via Stochastic First- and Zeroth-Order Optimization
    arXiv (AI, ML, NLP, CV, robotics, multi-agent) · Oct 19, 05:38 PM
    Training a machine learning (ML) model is an optimization process that typically requires a set of examples with ground-truth labels beforehand.
    The scalability of human labeling becomes a concern when there are a large number of data points that need to be labeled.

Extractive summary: sentences quoted from the sources.

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