ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models · Interpretability1 source · Oct 13, 2026

Decomposing and Predicting Annotation Disagreement in Harmful Content Across Languages

We propose predicting disagreement from interpretable semantic properties of the text.

Key points

  • Annotator disagreement is increasingly recognized as a meaningful property of subjective tasks, rather than merely noise to be removed.
  • Predicting which items are likely to be contested could help allocate annotation effort and route difficult cases to human review.
  • An LLM answers a set of binary questions covering harmful-content characteristics, disagreement-related cues such as borderline severity and missing context, and language-sensitive cues such as local slurs.
  • A classifier predicts disagreement from these answers, and we analyze which questions contribute most to the predictions.

Sources (1)

Extractive summary: sentences quoted from the sources.

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