ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models1 source · Oct 13, 2026

Back-Translation Still Matters: Leveraging Monolingual Data for Low-Resource Machine Translation with LLMs

Pre-trained Large Language Model (LLMs) are effective on many tasks in zero-shot and few-shot settings.

Key points

  • For machine translation of low-resource languages, the obvious options are few-shot prompting and fine-tuning on a small parallel set.
  • We ask: what if moderate amounts of low-resource monolingual data are also available?
  • We argue that, rather than continued pretraining, a more effective use of this data is the pre-LLM era technique of back-translation (BT).
  • Across five low-resource languages, with Hindi as a high-resource control, and two 3B backbones, BT improves translation into the low-resource language by 16 to 173% XCOMET-XXL over parallel-only fine-tuning.

Sources (1)

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