ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models · Interpretability1 source · Oct 15, 2026

INCONVENIENT: A Benchmark to Assess LLM Generalization Capabilities from Convenience Samples

We introduce INCONVENIENT, a benchmark designed to study robustness to convenience-sample bias.

Key points

  • Machine learning models for tabular prediction typically assume that training data are representative of the population on which they will be deployed.
  • Existing tabular distribution-shift benchmarks primarily construct out-of-distribution (OOD) settings by partitioning observations across naturally occurring domains.
  • Rather than relying on naturally occurring domain partitions, INCONVENIENT directly perturbs feature--target relationships in the training distribution while preserving the original population distribution as the deployment environment.
  • Unlike existing distribution-shift benchmarks, INCONVENIENT provides explicit control over both the direction and severity of relationship shifts, enabling a systematic assessment of robustness to convenience sampling.

Sources (1)

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