ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models1 source · Oct 16, 2026

Best of Both Worlds: Fine-Tuned Small Models Complement LLMs for Cost and Performance Benefits

BERT-based models require thousands of labeled samples to train.

Key points

  • We compare these parameters of a trained RoBERTa-based model, and an (off-the-shelf) GPT-3.5 model for text classification.
  • To identify the best prompting approach for GPT-3.5, we explore batch prompting.
  • We find the best batch size is 20 with human few-shot curation.
  • We find the best approach is an ensemble of a RoBERTa-based and GPT-3.5 model (F1: 97.5%) incurring only 4.4% of inference cost compared to a standalone GPT-3.5.

Sources (1)

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