ResearchResearch paperLarge Language Models · Retrieval, RAG & Search · Speech & Audio1 source · Oct 17, 2026

Ask Less, Ask Better: Allocating User Attention in Proactive LLM Agents with Interruption Budgets

We propose an evaluation protocol that distinguishes how often agents ask from how well they ask.

Key points

  • LLM agents can ask clarifying questions to complete tasks, but answering each question demands users' time and effort.
  • Beyond question counts, this cost captures perceived effort: on conversation pairs with the same number of questions, human annotators agreed with the cost on which conversation required more effort 75% of the time.
  • Across eight LLMs and four customer-service domains, limiting agents to one to three questions reduces user-attention cost by 36-73% while keeping 86-94% of the task reward they earn with unlimited questions.
  • Models also differ sharply in how well they ask: at the same user-attention cost, the most efficient models gain more than twice as much reward from their questions as the others.

Sources (1)

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