ResearchResearch paperReinforcement Learning1 source · Oct 19, 2026

Remember Less, Adapt Longer: Bounded-State In-Context Reinforcement Learning with Recurrent Summary Memory

In-context reinforcement learning (ICRL) enables agents to adapt to new tasks without parameter updates, relying on memory to retain what they learn from experience.

Key points

  • For agents operating continually, existing approaches using memory trade off bounded cost against access to past experience.
  • Fixed-size memories bound storage but restrict access: sliding windows discard older steps, while recurrent networks compress even recent interactions into a hidden state.
  • We introduce Recurrent Summary Memory (RSM), a Transformer policy that attends exactly to a short working buffer of recent interactions and carries a fixed-capacity summary of earlier experience.
  • On long-running partially observable tasks, frozen RSM policies sustain their adapted performance for eight times the training horizon with about 1% of full-history memory, ending ahead of every evaluated baseline while growing memories deteriorate.

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