ResearchResearch paperReinforcement Learning1 source · Oct 20, 2026

Rewards for Budget-Aware Multi-Turn Agents That Adapt to Arbitrary Test-Time Constraints

Large language model agents are often given an inference budget and asked to maximise success within it.

Key points

  • A multi-turn agent has to allocate this budget across many environment interactions.
  • We ask whether agents can learn this allocation across dynamically specified budgets and which rewards best teach this behaviour.
  • We adapt existing length penalties to budget constraints spanning multiple resource types, introduce new reward formulations, and compare eleven objectives in a shared training pipeline.
  • Overall, we show that a single agent can learn to allocate resources across turns and adapt its behaviour to user-specified budgets using budget feedback without external budget-allocation controllers.

Sources (1)

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